The Question of Suicide in War and Peace and Anna Karenina - Literature Essay Samples

In 1898, Tolstoy wrote in a Letter on Suicide that â€Å"suicide is immoral.† He vehemently condemned the act of it, by qualifying it as unreasonable and wrong. However, in his earlier books, such as War and Peace and Anna Karenina, Tolstoy treats suicide, along with mortality in general, as an extremely important subject that affects many characters. Though Tolstoy may have spoken against suicide in his later work, the author clearly understood its reality and importance in society; he therefore chose to depict it in Anna Karenina with Anna Karenina, Constantine Levin, and Alexei Vronsky, and in War and Peace with Natasha Rostov and Helene Kuragin. Tolstoy does not condemn the suicides as immoral or irrational, but instead, in most instances, portrays the characters in a very sympathetic manner. More importantly, Tolstoy shows us what characteristics make people able to deal with situations that would drive other people to suicide. He depicts suicide as an unfortunate last re sort for those lacking family support and strong religious values. Throughout both of his great novels, Tolstoy uses a sympathetic narrator, who sees both the good and the bad in all of the characters. Suicide is no exception to this approach, and though Tolstoy might have condemned it later on in life, he depicts the important suicidal characters in a very understandable light. Anna’s suicide is surrounded by a feeling of sympathy, as she is finally doing something independently. She has made this choice alone and has no one to guide her or to help her. During the whole suicide scene, she is surrounded by many passersby peering at her: â€Å"they again peered in to her face and shouted something in unnatural voices† (Anna Karenina 883). This description brings the reader closer to Anna, as if the reader is also being peered at; thus, Anna’s feelings are made cathartic and suicide seems like an understandable end to her situation. With Natasha’s attempted suicide, the sympathy emerges in her recovery phase. Tolstoy portrays Natasha through her feelings of guilt and slow forgiveness, and helps the reader understand why suicide might have seemed like a solution. Her failed attempt makes her extremely sick, and it is through this recovery phase that Natasha incites sympathy from the reader. Her character is slowly changing: she goes from being an innocent young girl to a mature, understanding lady, who comprehends the values of marriage and religion. This process also provokes sympathy, since one can see the difficulty she has in forgiving herself. Tolstoy also depicts this theme of understanding through making her husband, Andrei, forgive her on his deathbed. His action amplifies the importance of her past actions, and thus makes suicide seem like an understandable option. Along with his sympathetic portrayals, Tolstoy shows us what might have lead some characters to suicide. A first lens to consider is that of Christianity. Anna’s suicide and Natasha’s attempted suicide are the results of events that can be compared to the fall of Adam and Eve. This comparison can be made since their unfortunate events occur when both characters seemed to have attained a certain degree of satisfaction in their lives. As with Adam and Eve, their decisions, and the consequences that followed them, are extremely negative, and can thus be referred to as fall sequences. In interpretations of Christian narrative, many theologists disagree on whether Adam and Eve’s temptation towards the fruit of â€Å"the tree of knowledge of good and evil† (Genesis 2:9) brought trouble to our world, or actually helped mankind prosper. Jacob Boehme, a sixteenth-century Christian theologian, summarizes one side of the debate by describing the fall as â€Å"horrib le, lamentable and miserable.† Indeed, many believe that it was a complete tragedy for all of mankind. However, others consider the fall as actually â€Å"fortunate.† These theologists see the fall as a blessing and as a step forward towards mankind’s progress. They argue that the fall guarantees the incarnation of God in Christ and the eventual elevation of man to an even greater paradise, and is therefore a good thing. These two different interpretations can be seen in the contrast between the two characters’ fates. Anna and Natasha’s falls, as reinterpretations of the same biblical event, are extremely similar in many aspects. Anna’s fall takes place in Part 1 of Anna Karenina during the ball scene. In this episode, Anna dances with Vronsky, a man whom she was quickly attracted to. However, she is already married to Karenin. Natasha’s fall occurs during Chapter 5 of Part 9 of War and Peace, at the opera. Here, Helene tries to befriend Natasha, and takes her under her wing. She points her towards her brother Anatole and charms her into believing that he is extremely interested in her. Natasha succumbs to their tricks, even though she also is married. Both Annas and Natasha’s falls occur at important events of Russian society. Anna has met Vronsky previously at the train station, but it is at the ball that she is really attracted to him (Annna Karenina 96). Similar ly, Anatole flirts with Natasha at the opera, becoming for the first time a fully tangible love interest. A second component that is similar is the boldness of the suitors. Indeed, Anna asks Vronsky to leave her alone, but instead he follows her to St Petersburg, saying that he will be wherever she is (Annna Karenina 119). Natasha is struck by Anatole’s very direct language and engagement with her. When she confronts him by telling him that she is married, Anatole disregards this reservation, claiming that he cannot control his love and that he is madly in love with her (War and Peace 611). On this same point, both women feel pleased at first at the attention they receive, but that happiness is followed almost immediately by a guilt and a rationalization of their actions. While at the ball, Anna feels a â€Å"joyful light kindled in her eyes† every time Vronsky speaks to her (Annna Karenina 97). Furthermore, â€Å"she seemed to make efforts to restrain these signs of joy, but they appeared on her face of their own accord† (Annna Karenina 97). However, as she is leaving the ball, Anna describes herself as â€Å"wicked,† but justifies her impulses by telling herself that she â€Å"was really not to blame, or only a very little† (Annna Karenina 114). Even as Anna is on the train back, she senses â€Å"the feeling of shame† growing stronger as she thinks about Vronsky, but once again she justifies it by thinking that their interaction had nothing â€Å"differing from those with other acquaintances† (Annna Karenina 618). The same pat tern can be seen in Natasha. At first, she seems â€Å"pleased to see that that [Anatole] was captivated by her and it did not occur to her that there was anything wrong with it† (War and Peace 603). However, not long after, â€Å"she felt all the time that by talking to him she was doing something improper† (War and Peace 603). Her justification for her actions comes after the opera, when she reflects upon what happened to her: â€Å"Nothing! I have done nothing, I didn’t lead him on at all. Nobody will know and I shall never see him again† (War and Peace 605). This rationalization and non self-blame can be seen as a response to vulnerability. Indeed, for both Anna and Natasha, these events occur when each woman is in a very vulnerable position in her life. Anna has not been to a ball in a while, since she now lives in St Petersburg with her husband. She only comes to the ball because Kitty invites her and wishes Anna to be there for her grand entrance in society. As for Natasha, this is the first time she is at the opera, as seen through the external description of the opera as comic and strange. Natasha is not only vulnerable because she has never been in this environment, but also because she has been waiting in the country for her husband, Andrei. All this makes both characters susceptible to being seduced. Another component that is also present in both of the falls is the amplitude of terms associated with the body and with physical pleasure. Anna is wearing â€Å"a low-neck black velvet dress which exposed her full shoulder and bosom (Anna Karenina 95). Similarly, Natasha has her â€Å"bare arms and neck† exposed and notices â€Å"women with gems on their bare flesh† (War and Peace 596, 598). Tolstoys descriptions characterize each fall as something that has nothing romantic to it, but that rather is completely based on physical attractiveness. The last element that connects both of the falls is the influence of a parental figure. This idea is less apparent with Anna, but can still be inferred from her interaction with Vronsky’s mother. The two women meet in the train from St Petersburg to Moscow and bond instantly. The older woman speaks greatly of her son and is very eager for Anna to meet him. As for Natasha, her father accompanies her to the opera and pushes her to interact with Anatole. It is unclear whether he knows what he is getting his daughter into, but he is certainly a major influence on her behavior. Through all of these similarities, the falls of Anna and Natasha resemble one another unmistakably. The difference between the two arises in the consequences. Anna and Natasha’s lives end differently because of the elements surrounding these women. One of these essential components is the presence or not of family. In Anna’s case, it is the absence of family that is to be noted. Indeed, when she goes back to St Petersburg and finds her husband, she â€Å"met his fixed and tired gaze, her heart contracted painfully with a sort of unpleasant sensation, as though she expected to find him looking different. She was particularly struck by the feeling of discontent† (Anna Karenina 124). She is also taken aback by the reality that is her son. Though she misses him a lot while in Moscow, she feels very weirdly about him upon her return home. He is not as she remembered him and she â€Å"had imagined him to be nicer than he actually was† (Anna Karenina 128). Towards the end, her son also claims that he cannot recognize his mother anymore, creating even more of a distance between them. It seems that Anna misses the presen ce of a close family. At first, this is remedied by the new presence of Vronsky in her life. However, this also decreases with time as she feels that, since her looks are being compromised by age, Vronsky must like her less and less. Furthermore, when Anna decides that she is going to commit suicide, she visits her brother Stiva and his wife Dolly, to â€Å"tell her frankly, I am unhappy, I deserve it, it is all my fault, but I am unhappy all the same, please, help me† (Anna Karenina 871). When she gets there, however, Kitty is also there. Vronsky was originally supposed to marry Kitty and she fears that he regrets not having pursued this connection. Anna is scared to face her and, feeling even more threatened and lonely, decides not to tell Dolly anything. Had Kitty not been at Dolly’s house at that moment, Anna probably would have told Dolly everything and her fate might have been different. It is this lack of family communication and this feeling of loneliness that drive her closer to suicide. In contrast, Natasha’s family is essential in helping her recover from her fall. One of the most important characters in this sense is Sonia. Sonia does not want to let the Rostov family be disgraced by Natasha’s actions, and therefore stands by her side till Natasha forgives herself. This action is contrary to the wishes of Natasha, who begs Sonia to leave her alone: â€Å"Go away! Go away!† (War and Peace 628). When Natasha attempts to commit suicide by taking poison, she wakes up in the morning to find Sonia at her bedside, ready to comfort her and help her. Natasha’s mother is also important in her recovery: this older woman very close to her throughout the book and her attitude does not change, even as Natasha feels that she has shamed the family. This stable presence is essential in helping Natasha to feel better, and not feel like she has done something unforgivable. The presence and support of family therefore serves as a factor that helps Natasha to deal with her fall, while the absence of it served in driving Anna to suicide. Another important element to note is the presence of God in one’s life. Dostoevsky, in A Writer’s Diary, wrote that â€Å"suicide went straight to the question of the existence of God† and it seems that Tolstoy was grappling with that same idea. The question of God and religious faith come up at length in both novels, but especially so in questions of death and suicide. In Anna’s case, a lack of spirituality and relation with God push her to commit suicide. Without any familial support, she is left with nothing bigger than life to help her. Anna realizes that she needs God to help her with her situation, but this realization comes too late. It is when she is on the tracks and preparing herself for her fate that â€Å"she tried to get up, to throw herself back, but something huge and implacable struck her on the head and dragged her down on her back. ‘Lord, forgive me everything!’ she cried† (Anna Karenina 884). Had she sought help in Go d earlier, or had she had some religious beliefs throughout her life, she would have potentially been able to save herself, and find a better way to cope with her fall. This saving action of God can be seen in Natasha’s case. Though Natasha already has help coming from her family’s support, it is not until she seeks God and attends church that she really feels like she is getting better. When she goes to church, she has a â€Å"sense of the possibility of correcting her faults, the possibility of a new, clean life, and of happiness† (War and Peace 704). Tolstoy also adds that â€Å"it seemed to her that God heard her prayer† (War and Peace 709). Thus, the presence of God and of a religious belief seems to be another element that can help one recover after a fall. Three other characters in particular help in putting these elements into perspective. These individuals are more complicated cases, but each in his or her own way fits into this argument that family support and religious faith can prevent one from committing suicide. The first of these characters is Helene in War and Peace. It is not explicitly said whether Helene commits suicide or not, but her fate (death by a drug overdose due to an attempted abortion) is linked to her absence of faith and family. Helene is less present than the two major characters mentioned previously, but she is portrayed enough for the two characteristics to appear through her actions and thoughts. Towards the middle of the book, Helene gets married to Pierre, even though she does not particularly like him and is not very attracted to him. Given these inclinations, she cheats on him several times with various people, such as Dolokhov and Boris. She also does not act like what would be considered a â€Å"goodà ¢â‚¬  wife, as she very early on in the marriage tells Pierre that she does not want to have his children. Thus, she does not receive any support from Pierre, who does not show her much affection either. He does challenge Dolokhov to a duel, but he is doing it to prove himself, rather than out of jealousy or love for Helene. Furthermore, Helene is very close to her brothers, but given the potential incest that happened between them, their relationship is extremely ambiguous, and not based on care or protection. Adding to this, none of the members of the family are religious or believe in God. Towards the end of her life, Helene converts to Catholicism, goes to church, and also donates to the church. However, she does not do this for the â€Å"right† reasons, but rather because she hopes that the Pope will annul her union with Pierre, allowing her to remarry. Helene has led a life distant from God and from family values, and her fate in the book reflects that lifestyle. Another helpful character is Levin in Anna Karenina. Though Levin never attempts to commit suicide, he is important to consider as he thinks about suicide and the meaning of life in many instances. Levin is a character who, like Natasha, finds peace and meaning in life through family and spirituality. Levin starts to think about suicide especially towards the end of the novel. Paradoxically, this is when he has everything he has been wanting: a wife, a son, and a happy life on the whole. Though his thoughts are serious, suicide itself is not an actual option because his family is extremely important to him. Indeed, he loves Kitty and, even though they fight a lot, he is deeply thankful for her and is glad to have her in his life. This feeling is amplified when Kitty gives birth to their son. Levin is also in constant search of the meaning of life and his place in the world. Though at first he is not religious and actually considers himself an unbeliever, Levin wonders throughout what is the best way for him to be a good man. He tries a variety of options, such as cultivating or studying, but none seem to work for him. He has many interactions with spirituality, namely at his wedding, at his brother’s death bed, and at the birth of his son, but it is not until the end of the book that Levin comes to terms with it. It is through an old peasant that Levin understands the place and role of God, and that â€Å"we must live for justice, for God† (Anna Karenina 915). Therefore, it seems that his search for spirituality and his discovery of God help him in coming to terms with his life. Through such inquiry, and with the help of family, Levin can deal with issues that could have potentially resulted in suicide. The last character who deals with suicide and its linked issues is Vronsky in Anna Karenina. Vronksy is an interesting character because his situation involves a degree of family support, but in relation with an absence of faith. Vronsky encounters suicide when Anna is giving birth to her second child and has had a dream that she will die in childbirth. During the childbirth, Vronsky encounters Anna’s husband, Karenin, who informs him that he has forgiven Anna. This news, along with the prospect of Anna dying, leads Vronsky to a state of stress and despair, resulting in him pointing and shooting a gun at himself. He simply injures himself and his attempt is quickly moved past. However, even this incident can be linked back to the characteristics of family and faith. In the absence of faith, it seems that Vronsky has no other choice but to attempt to commit suicide. However, since he has the thought of family with him, his actions do not result in what he was trying for. He is mainly committing suicide out of fright of Anna dying, and his love for her has recently been growing stronger. Anna is also giving birth to his daughter. The love he holds for his family seems to be what saves him from death. His absence of faith is not strong enough to balance it in the other direction. He is not religious, but has nothing against faith in particular. He simply has never considered himself a follower of God. These two elements put together lead to a pitiful attempt at suicide, one that only ends up injuring him slightly. Through his characters closeness to death and to questions of life and morality, Tolstoy seeks to understand suicide as a questionable solution to various problems. Though he might have believed later on that suicide was unreasonable and an act against God, Tolstoy depicts it in War and Peace and in Anna Karenina as the result of understandable human failings. He also sets up his characters’ lives to show how the presence of family and of religious belief can help someone deal with problems that would lead others to suicide. Through his narratives, Tolstoy informs the reader of what he believes leads to a good life. Works Cited Boehme, Jacob. Concerning the Three Principles of Divine Essence. Trans. John Sparrow. London: J.M. Watkins, 1910. Print. Dostoevsky, Fyodor. A Writer’s Diary. Trans. Kenneth Lantz. Chicago: Northwestern University Press, 2009. Print Tolstoy, Leo. War and Peace. Trans. Louise and Aylmer Maude. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010. Print. -. Anna Karenina. Trans. David Magarshack. New York: Penguin Group, 2002. Print. Wikisource contributors. â€Å"Tolstoy Letter on Suicide.† Wikisource. Wikisource, 2014. Web.

When separating men and women according to gender, most...

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The importance of the Internet as an advertising medium has generated a lot of attention in recent years. With the growth of internet usage from few years, increase the trend of shopping online (James et al, 2016). Nowadays, many companies are more concerning about how to attract customers to increase their revenue and become a leader in competitive market. So they move toward s online advertisements as many people spend more time forRead MoreRelated Local and Foreign Literature and study1400 Words   |  6 Pagestheir products and services as more consumers are going online to research before making purchases. Companies should consider using online advertisements for the products and services they offer as more and more people are using the Internet to research goods they plan to buy before making the purchase. It also states that in the Philippines, the study showed that around 70 percent of consumers first make a research of their purchases online even if they purchase offline. This trend shows the potentialRead MoreThe Societal Issues Of Advertising1729 Words   |  7 Pageslaunch a new healthy snack targeted to children. You have already researched about the advertising business. However, you need clarifications about ethical and legal matters relating to advertising to children. I will therefore discuss the societal issues about advertising to chi ldren. I will then guide you through the relevant UK regulations regarding food advertising to children and how they might impact the advertising of your snack. Lastly, I will explain the process for hiring an agency and how youRead MoreImpact Of Marketing On Internet + Era Essay1337 Words   |  6 Pagesto improve economic. Therefore the online promotion strategies have gotten a wonderful development under the Internet +. As for the second part, it will present and sum up a variety of marketing methods of Tourist attractions on social networks and their advantages and disadvantages. Social networking platform marketing has all kinds of ways, such as SEM, BBS, online advertising, etc., we will discuss some ways about tourist attractions The first marketing method is search engine marketing, namelyRead MoreThe Current System Of Marketing Houses1431 Words   |  6 PagesFindings 1. How do you currently advertise properties to your clients? (Appendix 1) The employees suggest that half the advertising is conveyed through the Homes Direct website, whereas the other half is nominated through the local authority. This is managed through Company X’s website. This can indicate that one of their main methods of selling properties is through the use of the internet. 2. How would you rate the current system of marketing houses? (Appendix 2) The employees were askedRead MoreBrief Literature Review on Online Advetising884 Words   |  4 PagesOnline advertising Peter J. Danaher and Guy W. 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The Industrial Revolution Caused A Major Development...

The Industrial Revolution caused a major development in social history with major changes in manufacturing, transportation, and agriculture that had an intense effect on socioeconomic and cultural conditions in Europe that then spread to North America and eventually around the world, influencing almost every aspect of everyday life and society. Looking through sources from the time period, it is easy to see how lives were changed due to the advancements in technology that improved manufacturing, agriculture, and transportation. After intently studying these phenomena, many Historians agree that all of these major changes were the main effect of the Industrial Revolution, but they may disagree on the causes of this event. Most historians, such as T.S. Asthon and David S. Landees, can agree that the Industrial Revolution brought on a huge change in society. It changed the way in which people thought, worked, and performed their everyday activities. However, a number of historians debate over what the actual cause of the Industrial Revolution was, what it actually impacted and how it did. They also debate over the actual starting date. Many historians argue that the thing that started off the revolution occurred when England began to trade with foreign countries. The first time this kind of trade was seen at a large, impacting scale, was the Triangular Trade. This new trade set up with England, Europe, Africa, the Americas and the West Indies caused a boom in the economy forShow MoreRelatedVivian Wang. Dr. Esson. European History . January 27,1283 Words   |  6 PagesVivian Wang Dr. Esson European History January 27, 2017 Early Stages of The Industrial Revolution In Britain: How Factories That Burned Coal Created Air Pollution In the long process of human history, with the occurrence of the industrial revolution, Britain was the first country to go through industrialisation. People give high marks on this industrial revolution, considering that it marks the beginning of a new era in human history; has passed the previous agricultural economy and has lead theRead More Economy and Society in Europe During 1848 Essay1393 Words   |  6 PagesEconomy and Society in Europe During 1848 The revolutionary year of 1848 was an extraordinary period in which popular disturbances brought down the government of many countries. The revolts were very widespread, seriously affecting about fifty countries in Europe.1 It ranged from an enormous area, ranging from the Atlantic to the Ukraine, from the Baltic to the Mediterranean. Factors that contributed to these revolts included: the potato crop had been destroyed, food riots broke out, and financialRead MoreOrigins Of The Twin Revolutions1287 Words   |  6 PagesInstructor –Ibrahim Bilal History 3005 December 1, 2015 What were the origins of the â€Å"twin revolutions† and how did they combine to create what we call â€Å"modernity†? Modernity, it is a macro process of transition from traditional to modern society. â€Å"Formation of a modern political map of the world began in early 1800 in Western Europe and maybe characterized as the product of the twin revolutions.† European colonization of the New World, the economic and political development of new territoriesRead MoreIndustrial Revolution : A Time Of Social And Economic Change1169 Words   |  5 PagesThe Industrial Revolution was a time of social and economic change which emphasized the power of humanity over nature. It was also an era of change which consisted of inventions that were mass produced to make life easier between 1750 and 1914. Although the Industrial Revolution led to efficient transportation and made Great Britain the center of world commerce, only the upper class got to truly enjoy that. The Industrial Revolution had spread to all around the world so the impact was more brutalRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution in the Unite d States: An Overview1295 Words   |  5 PagesThe Industrial Revolution, which began in England in the late 18th century, finally took effect in the United States in the years following the end of the Civil War. Industrialization had begun earlier but it was in the years known as the Gilded Age (1870-1910) that the process began in earnest in the United States (The Genesiss of Industrial America, 2007). It was during these years that individuals such as John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, and Cornelius Vanderbilt made their fortunes. 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All these achievements happened spontaneously and were not planned. Economy was in process of rapid change and it gave many opportunities for people to gain weal th as well as social advancement. Almost every aspect of people’s lives was influenced

Physics Ib Chapter 4 Notes Free Essays

CSimple Harmonic Motion and Waves Kinematics of simple harmonic motion: Oscillation: an effect expressible as a quantity that repeatedly and regularly fluctuates above and below a average value, as the pressure of an alternating current. Examples include: †¢ Cycle: One cycle is defined as one complete oscillation of the pendulum (A-B-A) †¢ Equilibrium Position: the position where the pendulum would be at rest when undisturbed (O) †¢ Amplitude (x0): maximum displacement from equilibrium position (OB or OA) – measured in metres. Time Period (T): the length of time to complete one cycle – measured in seconds †¢ Frequency (f): the number of cycles the pendulum makes per unit time – measured in 1/s or hertz (Hz) †¢ Angular frequency (? or 2? f): used when describing circular motion, or even an oscillation in the case of 2? equivalent to one cycle. We will write a custom essay sample on Physics Ib Chapter 4 Notes or any similar topic only for you Order Now Displacement: the distance of an oscillating body from its central position or point of equilibrium at any given moment. Amplitude: the absolute value of the maximum displacement from a zero value during one period of an oscillation. Frequency: the number of periods or regularly occurring events of any given kind in unit of time. This is usually measured in one second. Period: the time taken to complete one cycle of a regularly recurring phenomenon Phase Difference: Simple Harmonic Motion: vibratory motion in a system in which the restoring force is proportional to the displacement from equilibrium. This is expressed by the equation: a = -? ^2x Energy changes during simple harmonic motion (SHM): Kinetic energy = mv^2 /2 and the potential energy at any point = total energy – KE. Because no energy is lost when the total energy is a constant value, the energy when a body is active sees continual changes between kinetic and potential energy. Forced oscillations and resonance: Damping: The effect in which there is a loss of energy due to the friction in real oscillation. Examples of damping include: †¢ Light damping, critical damping, etc. Natural frequency of vibration Wave Characteristics: Damping: The effect in which there is a loss of energy due to the friction in real oscillation. Examples of damping include: †¢ Light damping, critical damping, etc. Natural frequency of vibration Wave Properties: Snell’s Law relates the angle of incidence to the angle of refraction to the ratio of the velocity of the wave in the different media, which is always equal. It is stated by: sin i = v1 __________________________________________________________________________ sin r = v2 Diffraction takes place when a wave passes through a small opening. If the op Doppler Effect: The Doppler effect is where there is An change in the frequency of sound, light, or other waves as there is a change in the distance between the source and observer. The effect causes the sudden change in pitch noticeable in a passing siren, as well as the redshift seen by astronomers. Electrical Currents Electrical potential difference, current and resistence: Electrical potential difference (Voltage) is the electric potential difference between two points — or the difference in electric potential unit of a unit test charge transported between two points. The electron volt is a unit of energy equal to approximately 1. 6? 10? 19 joule (J). It is the amount of energy gained by the charge of a single electron moved across an electric potential difference of one volt. Thus it is 1 volt (1 joule per coulomb, 1 J/C) multiplied by the electron charge (1e, or 1. 602176565(35)? 10? 19 C). Electric current is the flow of charge (i. e. the + of batteries is charged as it has higher PE and the current flows to -. The unit of current is the amp (A), a scalar quantity. Resistence is the rate at which charge current flow through a conducter is not much allowed. This normally depends on the conducters size and material. It is measured in ohm (? ). It is related to the cross sectional area (A), length (L) and the material and the constant of proportionality is called the resistivity (p). Hence R = pL/A Ohm’s law states that electric current is proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to resistance in terms of flowing across and through it. If the potential difference across a conductor is V and the current flowing through it is I, then according to Ohm’s law: V=IR. Ohmic conductor behaviour is demonstrated when graphing I against V of being a straight line Non-ohmic conductor behaviour is demonstrated when graphing I against V of not being a straight line. i. e. ight bulb filaments Electric circuits: Electromotive force (emf) refers to voltage output generated by a battery or by the magnetic force which states that a time varying magnetic field will induce an electric current. Internal resistence is the resistence of that of all cells that are made from materials that have resistance. If such a cell was connected to a resistor, there is less energy to be converted to heat in the resistor and the potential difference across it less then the cel l’s emf. With Oh How to cite Physics Ib Chapter 4 Notes, Essay examples

Is Torture Ever Acceptable Essay Example For Students

Is Torture Ever Acceptable? Essay I do not believe in torture and consider it something barbaric and inhuman. Therefore I would say that torture is never acceptable under any circumstances, and regardless of what the consequences might be. Torture and civilization do not mix because the latter highly emphasizes the value of human beings as it is something intrinsic. Democracy also does not mix with torture because democratic societies believe in human rights and equality. My point is that the end does not justify the means when it comes to the torture of a human being. September 11, 2001 was a turning point in not only the history of the United States but also the history of the world. It has put the commitment of the civilized world with human rights into test. After the occurrence of fatal attack, there were loud voices that tried to legalize torture as an acceptable means in interrogating suspects. Torture can be defined as, â€Å"the officially sanctioned infliction of intense suffering, aimed at forcing someone to do or say something against his or her will. † (Rodley, N. S. The Treatment of Prisoners Under International Law’ (2nd edition) (Oxford University Press, 2000(. Although I have to admit that torture has been used on large-scale in different parts of the world to obtain confessions from suspects, morally speaking, torture is not an acceptable procedure under any circumstances. In this essay, I shall shed light on two arguments to answer a very critical question, is torture ever acceptable? I will weigh two points of view regarding this argument, the consequentialists and the deontologists. Then decide if I still stand on my position or are there truly exceptions to torture. Suppose that some authorities know for sure that someone positively knows the location of a bomb that will explode to kill tens of people and that person refuses to voluntarily identify the place of the bomb, would it be acceptable to torture that person to extract information and save the lives of innocent people. In fact, this scenario puts us before very critical choices and makes us weigh the torture of one person against the life of tens of people. However, there are two basic arguments about this issue I am going to talk about. The first argument considers that we can use torture as the last resort. Consequentialists, who hold the first argument, consider that no action is bad in itself. According to them, morality of actions is determined by their consequences. Thus, in the above mentioned scenario the good† (saving innocent people) must be weighed up against â€Å"the bad† (torturing the suspect) in order to make a decision on the correct course of action. The second argument considers that torture is not acceptable under any circumstances and regardless what the consequences might be. Deontologists, who hold this argument, consider that torture cannot be justified because the acceptance of any form of torture as an effective means to extract information from suspects, would universalize and legalize torture. The act of torture is wrong because torturing a person for information is to use them as a means to exploit them. Personally, I think that the â€Å"ticking bomb† scenario is very narrow and is deceptively used to legalize torture as an acceptable means of eliciting information from suspects in critical situations. There are several considerations that should be taken into account before trying to legalize the act of torture; the scenario of the â€Å"ticking bomb† can be challenged and rests only on assumptions. Exceptions will pave the way before the wide implementation of torture in different parts of the world and in very different situations that might include personal interests. .u9f80b7822511c283aadc3b0fb2a35f82 , .u9f80b7822511c283aadc3b0fb2a35f82 .postImageUrl , .u9f80b7822511c283aadc3b0fb2a35f82 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9f80b7822511c283aadc3b0fb2a35f82 , .u9f80b7822511c283aadc3b0fb2a35f82:hover , .u9f80b7822511c283aadc3b0fb2a35f82:visited , .u9f80b7822511c283aadc3b0fb2a35f82:active { border:0!important; } .u9f80b7822511c283aadc3b0fb2a35f82 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9f80b7822511c283aadc3b0fb2a35f82 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9f80b7822511c283aadc3b0fb2a35f82:active , .u9f80b7822511c283aadc3b0fb2a35f82:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9f80b7822511c283aadc3b0fb2a35f82 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9f80b7822511c283aadc3b0fb2a35f82 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9f80b7822511c283aadc3b0fb2a35f82 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9f80b7822511c283aadc3b0fb2a35f82 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9f80b7822511c283aadc3b0fb2a35f82:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9f80b7822511c283aadc3b0fb2a35f82 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9f80b7822511c283aadc3b0fb2a35f82 .u9f80b7822511c283aadc3b0fb2a35f82-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9f80b7822511c283aadc3b0fb2a35f82:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Coke vs. Pepsi: Fighting for Foreign Markets Novem EssayWe are opening the way of tyrant governments to use torture against their subjects for political purposes that potentially have nothing to do with saving peoples lives as supposed by the â€Å"ticking bomb scenario. Eventually, if a suspect is exposed to enough torture it makes them sometimes say anything in order to make the pain stop, making the confession unreliable. Therefore, I am still against torture and a firm believer that it is never acceptable.